[Async-2024-25] SCH4 ...

• Quantum numbers
• Electron configurations
• Valence electrons
• Electronegativity
• Ionic / Covalent / Metallic
• Lewis structure
• VSEPR theory
• Bond polarity vs. molecular polarity
• Intermolecular forces (IMFs)
• Solubility
• Dipole

• Four quantum numbers: n, l, \(m_l\), \(m_s\)
• How to assign quantum numbers to electrons
• Aufbau principle, Hund's rule, Pauli exclusion principle
• Full and shorthand electron configurations
• Energy levels and orbitals (s, p, d, f)

Practice: Assign quantum numbers for given electrons (e.g., \(3p^1\). Write full electron configurations.

2. Periodic Trends

• Atomic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity
• How and why trends change across a period and down a group
• Link between atomic structure and periodic trends

Practice: Rank elements (e.g., Na, Mg, Al) by atomic radius or reactivity. Explain trend logic.

3. Chemical Bonding

• Ionic bonding - electron transfer, lattice structure, solubility
• Covalent bonding - shared electrons, polar vs. non-polar
• Metallic bonding - delocalized electrons in metal lattices
• Determining bond polarity using electronegativity
• Relationship between bond type and physical properties

Practice: Compare NaCl, \(CH_4\), and Cu for bonding, structure, and conductivity.

4. Molecular Shapes & Polarity

• Draw Lewis structures for molecules and ions 
• Apply VSEPR theory to predict 3D shapes
• Distinguish between bond polarity and molecular polarity
• Identify polar and non-polar molecules based on shape and symmetry

Practice: Predict shape and polarity of \(CO_2, H_2O, NH_3, CH_2Cl_2\), etc.

5. Intermolecular Forces (IMFs)

• London dispersion, dipole-dipole, and hydrogen bonding.
• How IMFs affect boiling points, melting points, states of matter, and solubility link between polarity and IMF type

Practice: Compare boiling points of \(H_2O\) and \(H_2S\). Identify IMFs for a set of molecules.

6. Real-world Applications

• Explain molecular structure's role in:
• Boiling/melting points (e.g, \(NH_3\) vs. \(PH_3\))
• Solubilty (e.g., polar vs. non-polar solvents)
• Materials (e.g., Teflon, GORE-TEX, soap micelles)

STUDY STRATEGIES

• Organize notes by topic (shapes, bonding, trends, IMFs)
• Create a cheat sheet: Table of shapes, trends, common molecules
• Draw structures repeatedly: Lewis diagrams + VSEPR shapes
• Explain out loud: Teach someone or talk through questions to clarify thinking
• Time yourself: Practice managing 90 minutes across 4 sections

TIP FOR OPEN-BOOK TEST

• Open book does not mean open time!
• Know where to find formulas, diagrams, or examples fast
• Focus on understanding, not copying - most questions require application or explanation.